| Study | N | Sample | Question Type | % | "Serious" % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crawford 2016 | 14,587 | psychological treatments | Open-ended: "lasting effects" | -- | 5-13% |
| Lomas 2015 | 30 | male meditators | Open-ended: "meditation-related problems" | 25% | 7% hospitalized |
| Cebolla 2017 | 342 | meditators (online) | Open-ended: "unwanted effects" | 25% | 6% sought medical treatment |
| Anderson 2019 | 240 | meditators (online) | Open-ended: "drawbacks" "particularly bad or frightening" | 20% | 2.40% suicidality, psychosis |
| Schlosser 2019 | 1,264 | Buddhist meditators (online) | Open-ended: "unpleasant experiences" | 25% | -- |